The Net-Zero pharma manufacturing challenge

Diagnosing the Net-Zero pharma manufacturing challenge is easy, but implementing workable solutions is no small feat.

The journey to net-zero emissions in the pharmaceutical industry is complex and multifaceted. However, breaking it down into manageable steps can make the process more approachable and actionable. 

Michael Keohane, Group Sustainability SME, PM Group, shares his approach on the journey ahead. 

Whole Life Carbon Assessment (WLCA)

First, we need to understand the WLCA. This involves two main components: embodied carbon and operational carbon. Embodied carbon refers to the carbon emissions associated with the materials used in the asset, from cradle to grave. Operational carbon, on the other hand, is about the emissions from energy and water used during the asset's operation.

Regulatory requirements

Next, we must consider regulatory requirements:  

Compliance with legislative frameworks like the EU Taxonomy and the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is crucial. These regulations mandate WLCA and carbon emission reporting for operations by specific deadlines. For example, 2028 for new buildings over 1,000 m² and 2030 for all new buildings.  

In the US, New York and California enacted legislation in 2022 mandated LCAs for certain buildings.  

The UK’s Net-Zero Carbon Building Standard is voluntary. It will set WCLA targets to define a Net-Zero building in line with UK climate targets. 

Industry's approach

Another critical step is Industry’s own approach. Companies need to implement corporate standards that require WLCA to be completed and set embodied carbon targets for each project. Adopting green building rating certification systems like LEED v5, which require WLCA, is also essential. Industry leaders in this area include Novo Nordisk and AstraZeneca. 

Embodied carbon solutions

Addressing embodied carbon solutions is vital. Early-stage analysis and identification of hot spots can help target specific elements. These include façades, floor slabs, roofs, columns and foundations for carbon reduction. Low Carbon options like steel, concrete and mass timber structures should also be considered. 

Embodied carbon data and benchmarking

A significant challenge is the lack of embodied carbon data for Mechanical Electrical Plumbing (MEP) and process equipment. There is also a pressing need for whole life carbon analysis and optioneering for these products. Using Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for materials and products provides essential embodied carbon data. 

Operational carbon

When it comes to operational carbon, HVAC systems are typically the largest emissions source. Process thermal requirements are significant and challenging to decarbonise. 

For energy-efficient process heat (2025-2030), challenging the requirement for steam and migrating a significant portion of plant steam to low-temperature usage and maximising heat recovery are key steps.

Implementing low-temperature heat pumps and energy-efficient design methodologies can also make a significant impact. 

Exploring low carbon high-temperature heat generation options to meet (2025-2030) targets is another important solution. Options include electric/electrode boilers, biomass boilers, high-temperature heat pumps and combined heat and power (CHP) systems with carbon capture and storage (CCS). 

Scope 3 emissions

Addressing Scope 3 emissions is critical. They include all indirect emissions that occur in the value chain and are significant in the pharma industry. For procurement, we are seeing the benefits of setting short term rather than long-term targets. Collaborating across the supply chain to drive supplier renewable energy targets and sustainable packaging are essential steps. 

With a clear plan and commitment, these challenges can be overcome. The key is to stay committed, stay informed, and stay proactive.